Biomarkers And Prediction Of Disease - 1538 Words

Biomarkers and prediction of disease Biomarkers (also known as biological markers) are a measurement of a biological sample that is used for the prediction of a subject’s disease rate, early detection of disease, and to also enhance the diagnostic classification. (Simon, 2011). In order for biomarkers to be considered useful, they must meet specific criteria, including; accuracy, reliability, meaning that the results are stable when they are repeated numerous times, and therapeutic impact of early intervention (Ge Wang, 2012). The literature that will be investigated in this paper include, the specific biomarkers in cardiovascular disease, how nutrition can intervene with these biological markers, and also including the pros and cons of using biomarkers to predict disease. However, this review will not explore other diseases in relation to biomarkers. Biomarkers are referred to as a measurement of a biological sample, are a very useful piece of information that is obtained in order to predict a patient’s disease state, (Eapen, Ghasemzadeh, MacNamara, Quyyumi, 2014). Eapen et al. (2014) also states that biomarkers are used for three general purposes, those being; screening, diagnosis and prognosis. The â€Å"ideal† biomarker will fluctuate with the state of the disease, meaning that if the disease worsens or improves the biomarker will increase or decrease respectively (Eapen et al., 2014). Eapen et al., (2014) quotes In the case of a diagnostic biomarker, Bayes theoremShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of An Ideal Biomarker1807 Words   |  8 PagesVery recently, Biomarkers have got a higher level of interest in regards to clinical aspects and science with passing years. Biomarkers have the potential to be beneficial with regards to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.There are several characteristics of an ideal biomarker which have been earlier stated such as them being easy as well as safe to measure. This includes the low cost of them which must include that of the follow up tests. Additionally, there must be scientific proof indicatingRead MoreEssay On Hepatitis C Mono911 Words   |  4 Pagesspecificity, AUROC curve, positive and negative predictive values of selected cut off values of Hepa-Index for prediction of significant hepatic fibrosis (≠¥ F2), severe hepatic fibrosis (≠¥ F3), and cirrhosis (F4) are summarized in table 3 respectively. Discussion: Serum fibrosis biomarkers are promising methods for staging hepatic fibrosis and monitoring both progression [17] and regression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C [18]. Although their use is limited by being non-specific for the liver [19]Read MoreDirect Analytical Sample Quality Assessment (DASQ) for Biomarker Investigation: Qualifying CSF Samples978 Words   |  4 Pagesand the changes in their concentrations directly reflect the internal milieu of the brain: it offers a unique window to search for new biomarkers and to improve early diagnosis of neurological diseases [1-3]. However, the complexities of the brain and human neurological disorders represent a severe roadblock to identify novel neurological biomarkers. A biomarker can be defined as a biochemical, pharmacological or physiological, indicator of a specific biological state or of a defined biological stageRead MoreArgumentative Papers On Pspa876 Words   |  4 PagesProstate-specific antigen can no longer be consi dered as a classical biomarker whose levels are directly correlated with increasing stage of the disease. Moreover, the relationship with tumor grade remains unclear [6] Also classical prognostic tools based on pretreatment PSA levels, such as Partin tables [7] and Kattan nomograms [8], have become less reliable because of the continuous shift toward earlier stages of the disease at diagnosis. According to Thompson et al. [9], there is no true PSA cutoffRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis1568 Words   |  7 PagesRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic, erosive polyarthritis and the presence of numerous autoantibodies in the serum and synovial fluid and membrane. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that manifests in multiple joints of the body. The inflammation leads to erosions in the cartilage and bone and can cause joint deformity. Individuals with RA often experience pain and swelling of the joints. It was estimated in 2005 that 1.5 million peopleRead MoreLiver Biopsy Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesChronic liver diseases and liver biopsy. Chronic liver diseases encompass many different causes, including viral infections, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary hemochromatosis, and autoimmune disease. All of these precipitate chronic damage to the liver via necroinflammation and subsequent cellular injury and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins distorting the hepatic architecture by forming hepatic fibrosis with abnormalRead MoreNursing Case Study973 Words   |  4 Pagescontents), many patients do not develop ARDS. Current research is evaluating the presence of biomarkers both to improve recognition and explore possible treatments. Treatment is currently supportive focusing on minimizing damage further lung damage. Management currently focuses on ventilator strategies and conservative fluid therapy, (Taylor, Chambers, Liu, 2017). Due to the complexity of this disease, informatics plays a large role in optimizing care for ARDs in the SICU. Three ways informaticsRead MoreIn The Last 100 Years There Were Major Challenges In The1688 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last 100 years there were major challenges in the field of mental health in regards to a lack of international consensus on diagnostic categories for mental disorders between the most used manuals the (ICD) international classification of diseases and (DSM) diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders which are still elusive until now and still struggle to fulfil its purpose (Hickie, Scott McGorry, 2013) as both of them depends on observation of mainly middle-aged people withRead MoreTuberculosis ( Tb ) Is A Airborne And Contagious Infectious Disease Caused By Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacilli Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesChapter One: Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a airborne and contagious-infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli, usually establishes its infection in the lungs and known as pulmonary tuberculosis also can affect other sites and known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis (Rodrigo,2006; Comas,2009). Human Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem for both developed and developing countries , is the second cause of death in worldwide, after the human immunodeficiencyRead MoreThe Biology Of A Cell Mass1676 Words   |  7 Pagesclassifications since there is no reflection of the entire tumor clinical heterogeneity. Therefore, they are not sufficient in making predictions for the adequate treatment of patients. The chances of survival for the patients suffering from cancer normally depends on the timely detection of the disease and in this perspective, the highly specific and sensitive methods of curing the disease take play. Notably, oncology can be revolutionaliuze3d t hrough the development of the bio affinity particle and in the process

Essay on Drug Discrimination - 708 Words

Drug Discrimination The legalization of marijuana is just as heated as it has been since the 1930s when it was first outlawed(Marijuana). Marijuana is a name given to any drugs made from the hemp plant, Cannabis(Grolier). To legalize or not to legalize is the question that has been plaguing politicians and no one knows the answer. It is a burning issue that just won’t go away like many had wished it would when it started. Nothing has been this heated since the alcohol prohibition in the 1920s. Why should people have the right to use something that is as bad to your health as marijuana? Well if you look at it millions of people smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol and that is legal, so why not marijuana too? Those opposed to†¦show more content†¦Money that is spent on the War against Drugs is about $75 billion a year for something that has not even come close to stopping the use of marijuana. 50 million people each year still try marijuana at least once with no adverse effects(Marij uana). This money is wasted, whereas the government could produce a revenue with the sale of marijuana. In fact 18 million people use marijuana once a month despite drug laws, and large amounts of people think it is acceptable(Marshall 89). Even with all of the chemicals in marijuana it is still of the safer drugs. In fact alcohol and cigarettes account for 95% of drug related deaths in the United States while marijuana only accounts for about 1%(Marijuana). A person would have to use 40,000 times the amount of marijuana needed to get high to overdose, whereas the amount of alcohol can be as low as 4 to 1(Nagorney). It is true, marijuana does have harmful consequences. As do cigarettes and alcohol but they are legal and kill more people. As for marijuana causing short term memory loss, this is partially true. Only while the person is intoxicated on marijuana is the person’s short term memory effected. After the effects wear off their short term memory will return in f ull(Marijuana). It is also true that marijuana may effect driving skills while a person is intoxicated but 85% of marijuana users that were involved in auto accidents were also underShow MoreRelatedEssay Prejudice Towards Men With Long Hair619 Words   |  3 Pageshas been discriminated against many times. For instance, many people assume he uses drugs because he has long hair. One example is when I was told that I shouldnt date him because he probably uses drugs. The only reason this person had for making this assumption was the fact that he had long hair. Another similar example happened while we were walking in the hallway. A boy came up to him and asked him where the drugs were in this school. My boyfriend said he did not know and the boy replied, You haveRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycl e of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting the African Americans reality as it is today. Virtually in many states, convicted felons cannot vote resulting in an extraordinary amount of African Americans barred from voting. A large number of blacks have served time in prison as a result of drug (acts of beingRead MoreIs It A Victim Of Persecution?1554 Words   |  7 Pages Herek Gillis,Kogan, Glunt, 1996, p. 697). The discrimination is another effect that the gay community is facing for the intolerance. In addition, discrimination in the workplace has been affecting people who have a different sexual orientation. Discrimination can involve hiring practices mostly performed against employees with a different sexual orientation. Another effect of discrimination in the workplace is firing. It is currently an illegal practice for an employerRead MoreDiscrimination Hurts Us All by Spencer Poku-Kankam1712 Words   |  7 Pages25th, 1961 article from the Milwaukee Journal titled, â€Å"Discrimination Hurts Us All,† Spencer Poku-Kankam from Ghana is quoted as saying, â€Å"When we experience discrimination, we wonder if this is the civilization we are supposed to copy. We cannot present America as the champion of democracy when we return to our countries because of our experiences in race discrimination.† The article goes on to say, â€Å"We have moral reaso ns for ending discrimination. They are buttressed by a selfish reason – we must validateRead MoreElectrex Stays Competitive by Employing Diverse Employees1187 Words   |  5 Pagesother is difficult to be heard which is a problem causing inequality and exclusion. Prejudice Discrimination What is prejudice and discrimination? Both of the terms may be having the similar meaning, yet they are different. Prejudice is about things to do with the irrational and also inflexible opinions and attitude that members of one group hold about another. On the other hand, discrimination somehow refers to the behaviors of the individual going for/ against another person or situation.Read MoreHealth and Social Care Level 3 Unit 2 Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesexample of Culture discrimination in a health and social care setting is that someone from a certain culture might not be given the same amount of support and advice then someone else from another different culture. This is one regular example of culture discrimination in health and social care. Another important type of discrimination is Disability discrimination. In health and social care, you will work with and support with various disabilities. The Disability discrimination Act makes illegalRead MoreThe Never Ending Cycle of Prejudice In U.S.A Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggled with discrimination and prejudice throughout its history. On July 2nd, 1964 the United States took a step in the right direction, when it recognized the principle that all men are created equal with the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The Act outlawed all discrimination formed on the basis of race, religious affiliation, gender or ethnic origin. In addition, it ended racial segregation in educational institutions and in the workplace. However, it can be argued that discrimination and prejudiceRead More Disparity and Discrimination Essay example836 Words   |  4 PagesDisparity and Discrimination According to Webster’s Dictionary, the proper definition for discrimination is: 1 a : the act of discriminating b : the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently 2 : the quality or power of finely distinguishing 3 a : the act, practice, or an instance of discriminating categorically rather than individually b : prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment (Webster’s dictionary). Discrimination has been aroundRead MoreEssay on Religion and Specific Legal Issue713 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom discrimination and retaliation to the plaintiff. b.) the defendant discriminate against Plaintiff based upon his religious views. c.) the defendant failed in reasonably accommodate the Plaintiffs religious views. Case 5: Jennifer Erickson sued her employer, Bartell Drug Company, contending that its decision not to cover prescription contraceptives under its employee prescription drug plan constituted sex discrimination. Bartell argued that its decision was not sex discrimination becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration On The Age Colorblindness Written By Legal Scholar1197 Words   |  5 Pagesas a life long journey toward freedom. Although, the civil right movement ended the Jim Crow era, the complexity of racism still existed and ultimately began the New Jim Crow era that scurried men of color in to prisons across the nation for minor drug offenses. Alexander describes the harsh realities that many black or brown men face living in today’s society under the new caste system of mass incarceration. Alexander depicts a structured caste system that continues to fondle with racism in subtle

HRM Models Free Essays

This report is about human resource management. Betcherman et al. (1994) defined human resource into three aspects: organizational and job design, organizational culture, and personnel policies and techniques as to ensure that the workers full prospective or potential can be achieved. We will write a custom essay sample on HRM Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Storey (2001:5) Human Resource management is defined as ‘a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Marchington and Wilkinson, (2002) identified through research that people really do make the difference in human resource management. The truth behind this is that it’s supported on ‘high-commitment’ model which ensures that investing in people/human resource makes good business. This lay a foundation for the human resource professionals to make point that people really are their most important resources to the organization which now leads to work out how principals can be then turned into practice. This report will show how human resource works in sports industry and there will be critical examine on hard and soft model followed in the Bolton Wanderers case study and which model is more prevalent and successful in day to day operations and management activities. Human resource management is the most important department in any organisation to improve their knowledge and increase a good strategy towards employees. Mainbody According to Storey (1992) there are two ideal and essential models of Human resource management one is ‘hard’ also known as Michigan model and other one is ‘soft’, i. . , Harvard model. The hard model of human resource management highlights the term ‘resource’ which adopts a logical approach in the management of employees in which people are taken as financial factor where cost must be controlled. Whereas, the soft model accentuate ‘human’ and hence training and development is given more emphasis in this model on a closer look to ensure the employee development and that the employees are adopting the strategies and policies so that a high level of staff can be achieved who can deliver their skills and give a better turnover in the competitive environment. Bratton and Gold, 1999) Michigan Model Legge (1995) states that in hard model there is a trend to see employees as to be supervised and mastered following quantitative, intellectual and calculative approach to get ensured that the work force is expeditiously positioned to get the maximum advantage. It is concerned with the no of employees and whether every single person is meeting the goals of the organisation. (Fombrun et al. , 1984). While planning the policies one part of hard model; administration need to know what is the turnover rate and is based more on statistics rather than behavioural science of human being (employees) and is more appropriate in sports sector where pressure of work is much more. Furthermore Michigan model is the human resource cycle, which starts from development, move forward to selection, performance, and appraisal and than back to development or to Reward. Related to Bolton Wanderers football club case study The development of the football club is the important part, but at Bolton Wanderers, it was not a good situation, because those were posted financially and have a high debt burden. The reason was a newly formed football stadium, when in 1999 Sam Allardyce was appointed as manager with the premises to promote the club from First Division to Premier League and to establish there with given opportunity. Moreover Bolton Wanderers ensure that every member was feeling to be a part of Bolton ‘family’. Furthermore the heavy debt burden effected on selection highly, because they could not attract the best players with huge salary. Thereby they decided to expand their scouting network and academic facilities to afford their own youth to be selected for the first team and prepared to play in a high level. So that many players, who was playing in first team came from their own team. So the club was trying to gain the commitment and goals of the players. The purpose of managing the system of rewards within the organisation is to attract and retain the human resources the organisation needs to achieve its objectives. To retain the services of players and maintain a high level of performance it is necessary to increase their motivation, commitment and flexibility by a variety of means, including appropriate management style, competitive compensation package and supportive culture (Armstrong and Murlis, 1994). This way clubs align their player and organisational objectives while the reward management is highlighted. Rewards not only comprise of just wages or salaries, bonus, commission, profit sharing but also non-financial rewards like for e. g. opportunities for career development. McKenna and Beech, 2002) Bolton Wanderers offered pay and a reward package to players and coaching staff, which was one of the some lowest costs within the Premier League. In addition the high investment in sport science was made that the player should be fit and can play and also the performance should be good. This technique was attracting some outstanding players because through the operation of these technique was for them possible to expand their playing careers. In addition players could advertise themselves for best club due to good performance. According to Cowling and mailer (1998) appraisals are essential to get a brief idea about the course of information which constantly elucidates the purpose and aims in pursuit of mutually agreed target between managers and subordinates. There are contradiction like people who support limiting its use, argues that linking it to pay can demoralize attempts to provide genuine criticism and an emotion-free review of strengths and weakness while the others who do think that the pay should be linked to appraisals debate that it helps in motivation and the employee involvement. In the sports context, employees in those cases receive appraisal from the news-channel, radio, newspaper and public. The satisfaction of the public is very important so they try to receive a good appraisal, which sometimes are not possible. A 360-degree performance based feedback can be done to obtain a collective review of the individual’s performance. A 360 degree, also known as multi-ratter feedback, is an appraisal technique in which ratings from numerous people like peers, boss, customers, team members, staff and self is taken and then from that feedback appraisals are done for the individual. Stone, 1998) Harvard Model In soft model alternative approaches through which problems can be solved are followed. (Beer et al. , 1984). The organisation attempts to balance the needs of the employees with the organisational requirements. The feelings of the employees are kept in mind rather than just thinking them as a mode of earning profit. The employees consent is seen notably. Staff dedication towards work is increased when they are involved in decision making and job design process. Furthermore Harvard model is the human resource system, where employees influence on human resource flow, reward and work system. Related to Bolton Wanderers Football Club case study As we can find out in the Bolton Wanderers case study training and development has been focused; to understand and learn about the organisation, their policies and implement them in the right way. Training comes under the soft model of human resource management. Training basically means learning the skills that are required in the organisation which is generally structured by the policy makers in such a way that it will develop the individual for the required work. There are two types of learning- learning as acquisition in which qualifications and skills attained are from formal structured courses; and learning as participation in which learning takes place while participating within the set of fellow workers. (Bach, 2005) Moreover the players and coaching staff influence the work system, through the decision if the player or the coach will work with each other. In Bolton Wanderers was the operation that the player from the youth has not any chance to choose the coach, because the still need a chance to play in first team and think afterwards to move to another club if there is any offer. Furthermore the reward is influenced by players to deliver a good performance, e. g. Bolton Wanderers was playing in season 2004-5 since 4 Years in Premier League and they also was attend in UEFA cup. Human resource flow conduced to motivated players from other players or coach. It is a high impact of employee staff such as coaching staff and players. Due to it increase the team work and every one is for each other there. Talking about hard model and soft model in the report, when we apply hard model which just focuses on placing skilled people required for the organisations objectives. Application of this model to the Bolton Wanderers which aims at reducing the costs ultimately leading to control and decrease the debt by following feedback method tells us that even when its important, applying Hard model does help in this case, as skills are required, rather than production. Finding right applicant for the right job is necessary rather than getting them in the job. Right recognition of an applicant is also very important as it saves the time for another recruitment it turns fail and thus, adds up to another cost in the accounts of an organization. Millmore et al. 2007) Conclusion To conclude the report it is better understood and observed that the applications of different models, practices and strategies have different implications depending on which industry we analyse the working and performance of the employees. Industries like banking or financial sectors have different set of rules to handle their employees inclining more on hard models of human resource mana gement. Where the sport industry also being success oriented centring the employees through their performance is inclined towards hard models. How to cite HRM Models, Papers